It refers to the automated control of machining tools and 3D printers by means of a computer. A CNC machine processes a piece of material (metal, plastic, wood, composites, etc.) to meet precise specifications by following programmed instructions and numerical codes generated by computer software.

Key components of a CNC system include:

    Computer: The computer serves as the brain of the CNC system. It runs software that converts a design or model into a set of instructions (G-code) that the machine can understand.

    Controller: The controller interprets the G-code instructions and converts them into electrical signals to drive the motors and actuators that control the movement of the machine components.

    Motors and Actuators: CNC machines have motors and actuators that drive the movement of the cutting tool or workpiece along various axes. These can include linear motion (X, Y, Z) and rotary motion (A, B, C).

    Drive System: The drive system is responsible for moving the motors and actuators based on the signals from the controller. It ensures precise and controlled movement.

    Cutting Tool or Printing Head: In the context of machining, a CNC machine typically uses a cutting tool (such as a milling cutter, drill, or lathe tool) to shape or remove material from the workpiece. In 3D printing, a CNC machine uses a printing head to deposit material layer by layer.

CNC technology is widely used in various manufacturing processes, including milling, turning, routing, grinding, and additive manufacturing (3D printing). CNC machines offer several advantages, including high precision, repeatability, and the ability to produce complex shapes with minimal human intervention.

CNC machining is prevalent in industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and prototyping. The versatility and automation capabilities of CNC machines contribute to increased efficiency and accuracy in the production of components and products.